Taking a Look at Caffeine - 657 Words

Caffeine is a chemical that is very commonly known in many different things that we consume as humans. It is in most carbonated beverages and is commonly found in coffee. This paper will not only inform the readers about the effects of caffeine but will inform the readers of the following: chemical properties, uses of this chemical, how it is made and where it is found, and lastly the history on the development of the chemical or how it was discovered. Caffeine in its purest form is a white color with a prismatic crystal form (1) and has a density of 1.23 g/cm ³ (2). It is found in the leaves and beans of the coffee plant, in tea, yerba mate, and guarana berries, and in small quantities in cocoa, the kola nut and the Yaupon Holly. Overall, caffeine is found in the beans, leaves, and fruit of over 60 plants, where it acts as a natural pesticide that paralyzes and kills certain insects feeding upon them. Caffeine is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant, having the effect of tempo rarily warding off drowsiness and restoring alertness. Caffeine is slighty soluble (3). And has a boiling point of 178 °C (4) and a melting point of 238 °C (5). Its molecular formula is C8H10 N4O2 and has an average mass of 194.190598 Da. Da stands for the Daltons (6). The structural features of caffeine are that it is a part of the chemical compounds class known as â€Å"alkaloids†, which are naturally occurring nitrogen containing compounds a term used for substances produced as end products ofShow MoreRelatedEssay On Caffeine1032 Words   |  5 Pages Have you ever drank a cola or any type of soda? Have you read or heard about the main ingredient including caffeine? Well caffeine is a bitter powder like substance thats very unhealthy and healthy in the same cause. Caffeine can lead to heart attacks but if taken in the right amount can help with long days at work. Caffeine is in items such as Coca-Cola, mountain dew, coffee etc. all sodas and caffeinated drinks can lead to serious heart failure, heart attacks, insomnia, mood drops and can evenRead MoreCoffee And An Injection Full Of Coffee Beans1519 Words   |  7 Pages60 percent of Canadian adults take in caffeine through coffee, while 30 percent get their fix with tea. The remaining 10 percent of Canadians consumption of caffeine comes from pop, energy drinks, chocolate and medications [Best Health Mag]. Coffee drinkers can suffer from the draining side effects of a drug they didn’t realize they were taking daily; Caffeine.This is a big issue in today’s society and affecting many people’s health and surprisingly taking lives. Slide #2: Cup of coffee w/a brainRead MoreEssay On Caffeine1263 Words   |  6 Pages28 May 2017 Caffeine Is A Killer Caffeine is the most utilized and popular nervous system stimulant, but it is legal and unregulated all across the world; however, the question is, should it be regulated because of the consequences that come along with it? Caffeine is killing people with how high the consumption rate has gone up; â€Å"about 83% of adults drink coffee in the U.S.† (Coffee grinds US for the nation, KAren Fernau). Because of how much people are taking advantage of caffeine to get throughRead MoreCaffeine: Does it Harm the Body? Essay1363 Words   |  6 PagesSeveral people rely on caffeine to wake them up or give them a boost of energy when they feel down. Acting as a stimulant, caffeine not only improves concentration and focus, but also stops fatigue (Staff 1). Considered the most commonly used psychoactive drug in the world, approximately 90 percent of adults consume it daily (â€Å"MedicineNet.com† 1). But do caffeine buyers really stop to evaluate the possinle harmful effects on t heir body? Health scares similar to this are not recent. In fact, theyRead MoreThe Negative Effects Of Caffeine1094 Words   |  5 Pages Most of us fail to realize that caffeine is present in almost every drink that we consume. Most people enjoy the positive effects that caffeine does to our bodies, but have you ever thought of the negative? Caffeine is a stimulant to the central nervous system and the regular use of it can cause a mild physical dependence. With a dependence being shown I strongly do believe that caffeine is just as addictive as any other drug. Over 90 percent of the United States consumes caffeinated beveragesRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Schizophrenia1132 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract This research paper takes a look at a case study in which the individual is suffering from delusional disorder. Because delusional disorder and schizophrenia share many of the same characteristics, it is easy to mistake one for the other; therefore, the psychology professional must look at all the present symptoms as well as the history of the individual to make a clear diagnosis. When using the pharmacological approach in treating delusional disorders, the psychology professional mustRead MoreOn 12 March 2013, Secretary Of The Army John Mchugh Launched996 Words   |  4 Pagesresting but remain awake the brain is still working. The brain needs the recovery period to process new information and form memories. When the brain is impaired due to lack of sleep it can’t be overcome by motivation, willpower or caffeine. A Soldier needs to look at their sleep area whether at home or their home away from home. To receive the best quality sleep, you must have a comfortable and safe sleep area. Comfortable can mean many different things to everyone. Sometimes it could mean aRead MoreA Solar Powered Window Phone Charger Essay1440 Words   |  6 Pageseach), and caffeine (50mg). The most important of which is taurine (affects neurological development and cardiovascular performance) and caffeine (stimulates the central nervous system). Taurine would keep a person alert and functioning, while the caffeine temporarily blocks the production of adenosine, a natural (of the body) chemical that instigates sleep. With the combination of the two the company was successfully able to improve the performance (taurine) and prevent sleep (caffeine) amongst theirRead MoreEnergy Drinks Banned for Individuals Under 181549 Words   |  7 Pagesgame. Suddenly you begin to recognize an odd shift in his performance. He looks flushed, his pace slows down, and his movement begins to appear sluggish. Suddenly, while running up the court, he crashes to his knees, and nearly faints. What could be the culprit behind this unusual occurrence? A caffeine rush delivered from an energy drink that was ingested and responsible for inflecting a 160 milligram jolt of caffeine into the body of this young man. This is a true story about a middle schoolRead MoreInformative Essay About Drugs1020 Words   |  5 Pagessubstances such as marijuana, cocaine, heroin, and LSD. Many people would not still be taking drugs if it weren’t for an overwhelming and compulsive desire to obtain and use the drug. This is known as addiction, but this factor combined with a change in the nervous system so that a person now need to take the drug to prevent occurrence of painful withdrawal symptoms, dependency, makes it that much harder to stop taking drugs. If someone is able to overcome addiction and dependency they then have to go

The New York Buddhist Church - 1640 Words

Bianca Rodriguez PHR 121-098WB Dr. Allison Moore 26 October 2015 Shin Buddhists : â€Å"Zen is not the answer† On October 24, 2015 the New York Buddhist Church was holding an Autumn Festival Service. Amanda and I attended the event from 12-4 pm. This Buddhist Church in particular is Jodoshinshu Buddhism which originated in Japan. This type of Buddhism is also called Shin Buddhism for short, within the school of True Pure Land Buddhism, which is based on Mahayana Buddhism. The main temple is in Kyoto, Japan and was founded by Shinran Shonin. This type of Buddhism is practiced widely in Japan. The New York City location in particular was established in 1938 by Reverend Hozen Seki and his wife, Satomi.(NYBC) The outside of the church is very humble in appearance. It doesn’t look like a place of worship at all from the outside, but the statue of Shinran Shonin in the front makes the building seem particularly important as you pass by. As we ascended the stairs, there was a small garden of flowers surrounding the Shinran Statue, which survived the atomic bombing of Hiroshima. There was a hand painted sign that said â€Å"Autumn Festival† hanging from the front fence. The foundation of the church is slightly elevated as well. On the inside, there is a lobby with stairs going up and down, and an entrance to another room. Here it was lined with tables of food and merchants and a silent auction of traditional Japanese items and souvenirs. The majority of the people filling the room wereShow MoreRelatedBuddhist Doctrine of Karma1643 Words   |  7 PagesThe Buddhist doctrine of karma (deeds, actions), and the closely related doctrine of rebirth, are perhaps the best known, and often the least understood, of Buddhist doctrines. The matter is complicated by the fact that the other Indian religious traditions of Hinduism and Jainism have their own theories of Karma and Reincarnation. It is in fact the Hindu versions that are better known in the West. The Buddhist theory of karma and rebirth are quite distinct from their other Indian counterpartsRead More Buddhist Doctrine Of Karma Essay example1614 Words   |  7 Pages The Buddhist doctrine of karma (quot;deedsquot;, quot;actionsquot;), and the closely relate d doctrine of rebirth, are perhaps the best known, and often the least understood, of Buddhist doctrines. The matter is complicated by the fact that the other Indian religious traditions of Hinduism and Jainism have their own theories of Karma and Reincarnation. It is in fact the Hindu versions that are better known in the West. The Buddhist theory of karma and rebirth are quite distinct from their otherRead More The Religious Battle behind Stem Cell Research Essay1561 Words   |  7 PagesThe Religious Battle behind Stem Cell Research Abstract: Religion has played a key part in the battle for embryonic rights. Pope John Paul II has spoken out against stem cell research; however, Buddhist leaders and the Episcopal Church have taken a stand for stem cell research. Different religions have different opinions about stem cell research. However the controversy can never really be solved because it is so hard to define the line of morality when talking about stem cells and embryos. Read MoreChristianity Is Materialistic While Buddhism Is Philosophical.1517 Words   |  7 Pagesembracing materialism in order to survive. This has been evident in most places as the church where the clergy has deemed it necessary for the laity to contribute wholesomely for their upkeep and to run church activities without considering the financial security of its members. Most critics have defended this by misinterpreting Christ’s teaching that all who want to follow him have to sacrifice themselves to the church for the salvation process. But this is in contrast to his teachings and the bibleRead MoreHomosexuality: a Comparison of Western and Eastern Viewpoints2864 Words   |  12 Pagescondemned to hell for all eternity if they do not change their sexual orientation. Although both Catholics and Protestants are opposed to homosexuality, the Catholic religion is a bit stricter on the subject. According to the Catechism of the Catholic Church (a book that explains Catholic beliefs), homosexual activities are seen as acts of grave depravity, and under no circumstances can they be approved.[1] The reason that Catholics and other Christians believe this is because of certain passagesRead More buddhism Essay1223 Words   |  5 Pageshistory, politics, and America Zen, or Zenno (as it is known by the Japanese word from which it derives), is the most common form of Buddhism practiced in the world today. All types of people from intellectuals to celebrities refer to themselves as Buddhist, but despite its popularity today in America, it has had a long history throughout the world. quot;Here none think of wealth or fame, All talk of right and wrong is quelled. In Autumn I rake the leaf-banked stream, In spring attend the nightingaleRead MoreBuddhist Christian Dialogue On The Context Of Asia2089 Words   |  9 PagesBuddhist-Christian dialogue in the Sri Lankan context Introduction Today, more than ever before, we talk about interreligious dialogue. Religious pluralism and multi culturalism have seen a rapid growth, particularly, in the Western countries .As a result of globalization and migration our contemporary world become more aware of the importance of interreligious dialogue. The fact that people of various religions and cultural backgrounds have come close to each other on the global stage, shows thatRead MoreEssay on Cross Cultural Exchanges on the Silk Road Networks1643 Words   |  7 Pagesthrough the movement of traders and missionaries along the Silk Road.† Buddhism was well established in India and traveled to China. Merchants would explain their Buddhist ways to others and change their lifestyle. Buddhism traveled through central and southeast Asia, China and Iran. The first Indian ruler to become a Buddhist was Ashoka. â€Å"Ashokas patronage, however, was especially important in the history of Buddhism, for he not only susta ined the faith at an important point in its developmentRead MoreChristianity vs Buddhism923 Words   |  4 Pagesthe devil controls hell. Heaven is where good souls end up and Hell is where the damned souls end up. People usually use the Holy Spirit as the divine power that enters the person bodies and Virgin Mary is the woman that gave birth to Jesus. Now Buddhist believed in Anatman, Karma, and The Four Noble Truths. The Four Noble Truths are: all of life is marked by suffering, suffering is caused by desire and attachment, suffering can be eliminated, and suffering is eliminated by following the Noble EightfoldRead MoreReal Marriage Essay1166 Words   |  5 PagesReal Marriage In the article, The Catholic Church Rejects Homosexual Acts, but Condemns Prejudice Against Homosexual Persons, Vincent Foy attests that homosexuality used to be known â€Å"as a grave moral evil, worthy of death and hell†(3). However, in today’s society, homosexuality has begun to be accepted as a normal and natural human condition. Thus it is wrong, to treat a homosexual with disrespect and hatred. Despite this, same-sex marriage should not be legalized because it devalues and changes

3 Dimensional Modelling in Architectural Design Free Essays

Computer package engineering is an of import portion of computing machine engineering, because computing machine is made up of computing machine package, computing machine package engineering is one of the most concerned country in the computing machine engineering, human today manipulated by the fast development of computing machine engineering. Today ‘s package development tends to be more professional and directivity, as a pupil whom is analyzing design, we are frequently in chase of better consequences and had to utilize particular design package to accomplish our ends. As a design pupil we must be all familiar with computing machine 3 dimensional mold package plans Today I’m traveling to discourse the most common known and most frequent used 3 dimensional mold package plan utilizing by non merely design pupil but besides many professional architecture interior decorators and jewellery interior decorators, merchandises interior decorators, urban, interior, exterior interior decorators! Introduction to 3 dimensional mold: The so called 3 dimensional, harmonizing to the theory, is where the human describes any point in 3-dimensional infinite by agencies of three co-ordinates, and we labeled each co-ordinates, the x co-ordinate, y co-ordinate and the omega co-ordinate, where the ten co-ordinate represent left and right of a infinite, y co-ordinate represent up and down of a infinite and omega co-ordinate represent forepart and dorsum of a infinite. We will write a custom essay sample on 3 Dimensional Modelling in Architectural Design or any similar topic only for you Order Now Thus it concluded the formation of the human stereoscopic vision ; the 3 dimensional theoretical accounts are made up of 3 dimensional computing machine package plans, this to accomplish further development of computing machine engineering in assortment of industries. We live in a 3-dimensional universe ; meanwhile, we besides live in an informatization epoch and informatization epoch which is characterized by computing machines and digital. Computers are widely used in all industries. Today’s planar imaged computing machine would no longer be satisfied, we wanted the computing machine to be able to show a more reality signifier and the 3 dimensional mold package plans can turn this into world. The alleged 3-dimensional mold is to utilize 3 dimensional informations to construct up bing objects in world or our imagined objects and reconstructed this objects in computing machine. It includes the basic information such as the 3D co-ordinates define the locations of object points, the colour of the object surface, Transparency, and texture etc†¦3 dimensional mold plans is widely used in assorted countries, and it provides an Intuition, so 3 dimensional images play an progressively of import function in assorted Fieldss. There are many benefits and good grounds of why utilizing 3 dimensional mold package plans, First, cognizing how to utilize 3 dimensional computing machine package plans can develop our intelligence to heighten our imaginativeness. During our survey life clip, Because of our acquisition system and the environment, we have become less able to bring forth alone imaginativenesss and less able to lucubrate on thoughts. Chiefly because of the emphasis we are covering with each twenty-four hours, we have become uncreative ; most of the clip we thought copying would be a much simpler manner to bring forth work. However cognizing how to utilize a 3 dimensional mold package plan will make full this vacancy. Second, those who know how to utilize 3 dimensional mold plans can do abstract in writing image become more intuitive and easy to understand. Introduction to Rhino 3 dimensional patterning techniques: Rhino is a powerful 3-dimensional package plan ; it is the first powerful AGLib NURBS patterning engineering complete the debut of the Windows operating system package. Rhino is easy to utilize, extremely flexible and extremely accurate mold tools. Rhino provides about all tools to be used in the creative activity of 3-dimensional theoretical accounts ; it can make any conceivable form, it can besides make any undertaking can non be completed in world therefore Rhino is a really powerful 3 dimensional patterning doing package plan 3 dimensional mold devising is the basic consensus in design devising procedure, without theoretical account edifice, the design thought would be hard to show. It plays an of import portion in the design procedure, because a realistic 3d theoretical account is able to reflect the bend quality and the stuff of the theoretical account, it genuinely made our design thoughts becomes existent. Rhinoceros 3 dimensional Modeling treatment: Modeling devising is the basic mold technique ; Today ‘s 3D mold package plans has its ain unique patterning system, patterning method can hold many different types, but the chief 3 types are the NURBS mold, Polygon mold and Patch Modeling. The rhino package plan provides NURBS patterning devising, subdivision mold, Carving Modeling and polygon mold. Polygon mold is the oldest method, and is besides the most common method ; polygon mold is the splicing of trigons and quadrangles, the 3 dimensional theoretical account we see on screen is connected by the â€Å"face† of polygons, and every â€Å"face† are different sizes and orientations, by arrenging these â€Å"faces† it complete a really complex 3 dimensional theoretical account. NURBS mold, Is the most popular mold method, it offers great flexibleness and preciseness for managing theoretical account forms, is a much more merely and efficient method, it seems everyone can make their 3 dimensional theoretical account utilizing the NURBS engineering. Subdivision mold is besides sometimes called the bomber mold, is a manner of as it named, it applies subdivision surfaces to make new geometry that has the consequence of smoothing out geometries, like regular hexahedrons, pyramids, it produces smooth out render forms. Use of rhino 3D mold in my undertaking analysis: To be able to show my imagined design thought to my audience and interpret my imagined design thought to world, at this phase I began to utilize 3 dimensional package plan rhino to construct my imagined 3 dimensional theoretical account. To construct up a 3 dimensional theoretical account utilizing rhino, it sometimes take longer times, therefore it would be better for us to take a concluding development theoretical account to construct alternatively. This manner we can concentrate on every inside informations of the theoretical account. When utilizing a 3 dimensional patterning plan making a theoretical account, we need to believe carefully about its construction, we must hold a full apprehension of this theoretical account, if we are non certain about the theoretical account construction so the theoretical account that we are traveling to construct would non hold a realistic visual aspect, the inside informations would be losing. Therefore I prefer the quality, non the measure. The use of this 3 dimensional package plan rhino has clearly improved the quality of my design, rhino provides theoretical accounts with texture, the textures of the theoretical account is really merely an image we see on screen, but after rendering, it can do the theoretical account appeared more elaborate and more realistic. Compared with wireframe theoretical accounts, it is a higher degree engineering. Design procedure: Collect relevant information, research relevant graphicss Design construct: chalk out out all useable and suited thoughts Deleting unserviceable and unsuitable thoughts Set up a concluding development theoretical account 3 dimensional mold doing utilizing 3 dimensional package plan rhino Knowing how to utilize this 3 dimensional plans rhino, I have learned many valuable know ledges, foremost, to hold a good presented 3-dimensional theoretical account is a really of import procedure when making a design work, without a good 3 dimensional theoretical account, it is impossible to finish a good design work. And with the aid of this 3 dimensional plan rhino, it made design work go smooth, easy and efficient. Design construct: My design is called the rain angle, the rain angle was inspired by the conditions of Auckland, where the I did a record of the conditions of Auckland, I noticed the conditions of Auckland was interesting due to the rapidly velocity alteration of temperature. The temperature is colder in the forenoon, the temperature is hotter during tiffin clip, the temperature rises at tiffin clip and temperature bead in the late afternoon. I besides noticed Auckland is ever high in degree of humidness, before it rains, humidness normally increases, When it is raining, comparative humidness draws near 85 % -100 % , Auckland mean humidness is between 75 % -98 % , therefore it sums up a decision that Auckland rains really often, I did a record of Auckland conditions by roll uping informations on the web site â€Å"the accuweather.com† the ruddy point represents a twenty-four hours it rained, and base on these ruddy points, I did a graph that shows the rain informations of Auckland! Yet Auckland has unstable temperature, and rains often, but it does non consequence on wild life’s life, people ever say New Zealand is the last Eden for the birds, as New Zealand has more species of flightless birds – both life and nonextant – than any other state. I recorded a conditions information graph and translated the conditions informations graph of Auckland into a 3 dimensional theoretical account ( the rain angle ) the flow and the geometry allows the theoretical account to roll up rain H2O, rain H2O will be reused by birds, birds’ utilizations as a H2O armored combat vehicle and a bird’s bath! This theoretical account is specially designed for birds. How to cite 3 Dimensional Modelling in Architectural Design, Essay examples

Final Portfolio free essay sample

I Preface English has always been one of my worst subjects. I would always second guess myself on the correct writing method and what punctuation to use and when to use it. Taking this English class has allowed me to analyze and reflect on my work. My first essay I received a B grade. An option to revise the paper for a better grade was given. This allowed me to see my errors and correct them for improvement. The second essay was my interpretation of the story â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants. Surprisingly there was instant improvement on that assignment. I had received an A grade without any revision needed. That felt really good to know I had the potential to do better. That was my motivation getting through the semester. The progress in my work does show, except on essay #4. I had written a lot of fragment sentences which brought my A work down to a B paper. We will write a custom essay sample on Final Portfolio or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Honestly I didn’t really take time on that assignment. It was typed up the night before it was do and that was sloppy on my part. I have combined all the work that I have completed throughout the semester. The final exam required the class to produce a individual portfolio. My portfolio contains my thoughts on my free-writing experience, how I chose my Book Reports, how I wrote all six essay assignments, two essays I feel are my finest work, and a letter to Mr. Wahi telling him what grade I think I deserve for this English class.

Sustainable Tourism free essay sample

Introduction As defined by the World Tourism Organization (WTO), tourism comprises the activities of persons travelling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business, and other purposes. Key concepts of sustainable development and sustainable tourism, values and ethics of sustainable tourism and the needs of sustainability in all form of tourism shall be discussed in this essay. 2. 1 Sustainable Tourism Since World War II, tourism has developed from a relatively minor activity to the worlds largest industry. The travelling within more developed countries as well as from more developed countries to less developed countries generally increased. It also consists of the majority of middle classes travelling among less developed countries but also to the more developed countries. The term sustainable tourism emerged from a broader discourse on the idea of sustainable development (Bramwell and Lane, 1993). It aims to obtain economic, socio-cultural and environmental benefits and helping to conserve the environment. We will write a custom essay sample on Sustainable Tourism or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Tourism which is developed and maintained in an area (community, environment) in such a manner and at such a scale that it remains viable over an indefinite period and does not degrade or alter the environment (human and physical) in which it exist to such a degree that it prohibits the successful development and well-being of other activities and processes (Butler 1993 in Wahab and Pigram 1997, p44). According to Jafari, the global tourism sector has been influenced and described by a few model platforms, advocacy, cautionary, adaptancy and knowledge-based platforms. At the later stage, Macbeth (2005) rethought the model and proposed the other 2 models, sustainable and value full platforms. These distinct perspectives provide a useful structure for understanding the outgrowth and development of sustainable tourism. However these platforms do not represent a pure type or ideology but rather be used for understanding for stakeholders on tourism and it is not mutually exclusive. 2. 1. 1 Advocacy platform The advocacy platform was the first to appear in the post-war period during the 1950s to 1960s and was characterized by the strong support for tourism. There were a few factors leading to the appearance and ascendancy of this pro-tourism. The tendency to travel for recreational purposes of the middle class in the more developed countries grew after World War II. The cost of travel was reduced and the accessibility to more destinations was opened to a larger market. Less developed countries was made favorable to economic development judging the inexhaustible supply of resources such as the local culture, scenery and beaches. Economic benefits Tourism generates direct revenues as well as indirect revenues to the country. In this case it creates a large number of employments to the direct or indirect sectors for the unskilled labor force. It also serves as a generator of infrastructure. Socio-cultural and environment benefits Tourism promotes cross-cultural understanding and, ultimately, world peace, through direct contact between host and guest (DAmore, 1988). It also provides an incentive to conserve the tradition, natural and man-made environment. The iconic heritage sites such as the Great Wall of China, Egyptian pyramids of Giza and Machu Picchu of Peru would seriously be the tourism attraction of the countries. Therefore a portion of the revenue can be allocated for maintenance or restoration purposes. 2. 1. 2 Cautionary platform Cautionary platform was emerged in the late 1960s to 1970s due to several factors contributing it. It has been argued that unrelated tourism development ultimately rises in unacceptably high economic, environmental and socio-cultural cost for the locals of the destinations, who are losing out as a result of these costs. For less developed countries, the intensification of tourism development had been developed where negative impacts became increasingly visible. Economic costs Cautionary platform showed that tourism employment generate low wages, part time, unskilled, seasonal job and employee does not have the opportunity to entitle to benefits as well as upward mobility. In the long-run pattern of seasonal nature of tourist demand, it creates a respectively under-capacity and over-capacity which resulted instability to the country economy. Socio-cultural and environmental costs With the increased of tourism development, the country has to destroy part of the natural environment to build large scale resorts, golf course or marina to attract the tourists. Natural environments such as beaches, forest or lakes are being destroyed due to the over-populated and over-congestion. The culture and the locals are also being commoditized by the visitors as the residents have to adapt products and services to the tourists demand rather than their own community. With the increased of tourism activities, illegal and criminal activities are inevitable which disrupt the structure of the host society. Advocacy and Cautionary platforms are largely concerned with imparts of tourism which leads to the third platform of adaptation where alternative platform of tourism. 2. 1. 3 Adaptancy platform The appearance of adaptancy platform was introduced in the late 1970s and early 1980s. This platform was introduced after cautionary platform identified the potential negative impacts of tourism but did not implement solutions to avoid these negative effects. It favored new form of tourism responsiveness to the host community, man-made environment, natural environment and socio-cultural. Employing of locals, utilizing local resources, being less destructive can be beneficial to the host community and guests. 2. 1. 4 Emergence of alternative tourism By supporting locally owned small-scale enterprises than externally owned and large scale enterprises leads to alternative tourism. Eco-tourism special interest tourism appeared as alternative tourism that attracts based on the natural environment. . 1. 5 Knowledge-Based platform Several factors gave rise in the late 1980s and 1990s according to Jafari (2001) which he terms the knowledge-based platform. It is based on scientific foundation, research-based to provide objective analysis. This platform emphasize on holistic, system-based approached. By studying the whole tourism system, understanding its underlying structures and functions so that proper assessment can be done to manage the touris m sector. 3. 1 Sustainable Development Sustainable development is defined as development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (Brundtland Report, 1987). Essentially, sustainable development advocates the wise use and conservation of resources in order to maintain their long-term viability (Eber, 1992, p. 1). The principles of sustainable development are ecological sustainability, economic sustainability, social sustainability and cultural sustainability (Jamieson, et al, 2000). Ecological sustainability refers to the direction towards ecological principles and biological diversify. Economical sustainability refers to development economically efficient within generations. Social sustainability refers to the increase of peoples control over their own lives; maintain and strengthen community identity. Cultural sustainability refers to development compatible with the culture and values of affected people. The above-mentioned shows the need for sustainability in all form of tourism in order to sustain. 3. 2 Eco-Tourism In the mid-1980s, eco-tourism is closely associated. The International Ecotourism Society (TIES, 1990) defined that responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and improves the well-being of local people. Ecotourism is about conservation of environment with minimum impart, build environmental and cultural awareness and respect, providing positive experience for both host and visitors, provide financial benefits for the host and raising sensitivity to host countries political, environmental, and social climate. Singapore Environment Council (SEC), foster greater appreciation of the environment amongst the community as a whole. The objective of the non-profit organization is to promote greater public awareness concerning the living and natural environment in Singapore, encouraging public to be more environmentally conscious and display a greater sense of environmental responsibility. They also organized environmental promotion and protection in Singapore or the purpose of conserving the nature areas such as Bukit Timah Reserve, Pulua Ubin, Sungei Buloh Nature Park. 4. Local Conditions The economic, socio-cultural and environmental factors play an important part in a country. The interplay of social, economic and environmental conditions can have a profound impact on the perceived importance of tourism and the relative power of different interest groups within the destination (Dredge 2001b, 2006a). Economic factors refer to the assets and revenues of a country. For instance, the more developed countries will have the ability to supply or inject more money to conserve their natural or man-made environment, or even build large-scale resorts and golf course to attract tourists to the country. For less-developed countries, due to their low standard of living and undeveloped infrastructures, the countries do not have the ability to invest the money for conserving the environment. Socio-cultural factors refer to the socio structure, the values and cultures of a society. The culture of a community can be very different from other community. For example, Singaporeans are more conservative compared to the westerners. Environmental factors refer to the environment, nature and location of a country. The natural structure of a country is hard to change. For example, Singapore is a small island with neither forest nor mountain whereas the Himalayas Mountain in Tibet is a natural resource. Therefore planning is important, as good tourism planning can sustain the environment more successfully. Reciprocally, poor tourism planning can result harm to the natural habitat, overcrowding in a place and creates pollutions. 5. Values Jafaris knowledge-based platform took a scientific and objective view of tourism and a system approach to the industry. However, Macbeth confidently believes that knowledge, policy, planning and development decisions are value-based. Concluding that no matter how many scientific facts, priorities and decisions made will be based on what the stakeholders believe. Hence, Value-Full or ethics-based platform was proposed (Macbeth, 2005). It encourages the stakeholders to question the motives, ethics and morality during the consideration of the consequences of tourism within a economic, socio-cultural and environmental framework. The United Nations, the general assembly adopted the Millennium Declaration on 8 September 2000, recognizing it as a collective responsibility to uphold the principle of human dignity, equality and equality at the global level. Fundamental values essential to international relations include freedom, equality, solidarity, tolerance, and respect for nature and shared responsibility are considered. Freedom refers to human rights to live their lives without the fear of violence or injustice. Equality refers to the equal rights and opportunities of different genders, race or religion to benefit from development. Solidarity refers to the sharing of costs and burdens between those who benefit more or to those who benefit less. Tolerance should also be respected within human beings in the difference of belief, culture and language. Respecting of nature must be shown of all natural resources and living species in order to sustain for the future generation. Responsibility must be shared to manage worldwide economic, social development as well as threats to international peace and security. 6. Global Code of Ethics The Global Code of Ethics is a set of principle which is used to guide the stakeholders as well as visitors in tourism development. The Global Code of Ethics for Tourism is believed to help minimize the negative impacts of tourism on the environment and on cultural heritage while maximizing the benefits for residents of tourism destination (WTO). The stakeholders in tourism development should implement the principles and follow closely to it. Mutual understanding between peoples and societies, the respect of cultural and religious traditions should be observed. For example, Lijiang Ancient Town, China, acquiring World Heritage status in 1997 and since then four million tourists has passed through the town. According to X. Su and P. Teo, a questionnaire survey was used to ascertain the local perceptions on heritage and the state (2008: p. 153).

Profile of Tanystropheus

Profile of Tanystropheus Tanystropheus is one of those marine reptiles (technically an archosaur) that looked like it came straight out of a cartoon: its body was relatively unremarkable and lizard-like, but its long, narrow neck extended out for a disproportionate length of 10 feet, about as long as the rest of its trunk and tail. Even stranger, from a paleontological perspective, the exaggerated neck of Tanystropheus was supported by only a dozen extremely elongated vertebrae, whereas the long necks of the much longer sauropod dinosaurs of the later Jurassic period (to which this reptile was only distantly related) were assembled from a correspondingly larger number of vertebrae. (The neck of Tanystropheus is so strange that one paleontologist interpreted it, over a century ago,  as the tail of a new genus of pterosaur!) Name: Tanystropheus (Greek for long-necked one); pronounced TAN-ee-STROH-fee-us Habitat: Shores of Europe Historical Period: Late Triassic (215 million years ago) Size and Weight: About 20 feet long and 300 pounds Diet: Probably fish Distinguishing Characteristics: Extremely long neck; webbed hind feet; quadrupedal posture Why did Tanystropheus possess such a cartoonishly long neck? This is still a matter of some debate, but most paleontologists believe this reptile perched alongside the shorelines and riverbeds of late Triassic Europe and used its narrow neck as a kind of fishing line, plunging its head into the water whenever a tasty vertebrate or invertebrate swam by. However, its also possible, though comparatively unlikely, that Tanystropheus led a primarily terrestrial lifestyle, and hoisted up its long neck to feed on smaller lizards perched high up in trees. ​A recent analysis of a well-preserved Tanystropheus fossil discovered in Switzerland supports the fisherman reptile hypothesis. Specifically, the tail of this specimen shows an accumulation of calcium carbonate granules, which can be interpreted as meaning that Tanystropheus had especially well-muscled hips and powerful hind legs. This would have provided an essential counterweight to this archosaurs comically long neck and prevented it from tumbling into the water when it snagged and attempted to reel in a big fish. Helping to confirm this interpretation, another recent study shows that the neck of Tanystropheus only accounted for one-fifth of its body mass, the remainder concentrated in the rear portion of  this archosaurs  body.

Business communication Outline Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business communication - Outline Example They vary mainly in the decision making process, that is, in the Centralized Structure, the topmost management controls all the decision making and exercises strict control over the lower layers of the structure. In a Decentralized Structure however, everyone is involved in the decision making process A well designed Organization structure gives out the authority and responsibility to the respective individuals. If each person in the organization knows what his role is, a lot of chaos can be avoided in the organization. (organizationalstructure.net). With the help of the organizational chart, individuals can understand their roles and how to relate to one another in the organization. An organization chart gives the pattern of communication and coordination in the organization. This would also hinder the exchange of information and efficient problem solving. (taxarticles.info). Hopgood Sports Limited: Problems In spite of good business acumen of the management, there seem to be certai n problems with the running of Hopgood Sports Limited, in terms of organization, or technically, the lack thereof. Some of the problems are: 1. Staffing problems: Hopgood Sports Limited seems to be understaffed, in spite of the fact that they can afford it quite easily. 2. Inaccessibility of decision maker: The management, i.e. Mr. Hopgood, is not always easily accessible because he is always on the move from one store to another. This causes a lot of decision making to be put on hold and also may cost various opportunities for Hopgood Sports Limited. 3. Technological backwardness, with physical distances between the various stores acting as a major impediment for efficient management 4. The Organizational Structure of Hopgood Sports Limited also is not up to the mark. This has been discussed further below. Current Organization Structure of Hopgood Sports Limited: From the above illustrated current organizational structure of Hopgood Sports Limited, we can see that there is no unifo rmity in the structure, that is, in the different branches of the store. The structure of each store is different from the other in terms of number of employees and accountability. This might be fine for now but will lead to a lot of chaos and confusion in the future, when Hopgood Sports Limited is on the pathway to further expansion. A lack of uniformity in the structure also will leave the employees confused when it comes to inter store communication as they may not know with whom they must communicate what information. Also, it does not clearly explain the accountability of the employees. Recommendations for Hopgood sports limited Hopgood Sports is a good, stable business with few glitches that a well designed Organizational Structure can rectify. Here are some of the recommendations for Hopgood Sports Limited. 1. Mr. Hopgood seems to have bitten off more than he can chew. He is seriously overworked and the main reason for this is that Hopgood Sports Limited is not well staffed. He should hire more people for employment in his various stores. Since, he can afford to do that, after recruitment and apportionment, he can take a backseat and concentrate on supervising the running of the place instead of running all around the city that might make Hopgood Sports Limited more susceptible to expansion. 2. Mr. Hopgood’s inaccessibility can easily be solved with the above point. If he were to be at a particular store as head office, he could be

Public Spending Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Public Spending - Essay Example The public expenditure was raised in the 20th century due to the impact of the world wars. Before the World War I, the public expenditure was about 15% of the GDP. After the war it appeared to be about 25% of the GDP and maintained the level in the next few years. It did change during the starting phase of depression in the economic conditions (Chantrill, 2010). After the World War II, the public expenditure had increased and it was budgeted to consume 35% of the GDP and this level was retained till 1950s. The public expenditure was slowly raised in the year 1960 and it increased in early 1980s consuming about 45% of the GDP (Chantrill, 2010). Public expenditure rose by 0.7 percent of the GDP from 1999-2008. A decade ago, according to the OECD statistics, UK public spending was registered at 8.7 percent of the GDP below the Euro area average. By 2008, this figure had been registered at 1.3 percent below the Euro area average (IOD, 2008). There were lot of instability in the public expending regarding the defence system. The spending in defence expense was increased before the World War II. 3.5% of the GDP was used in defence spending in the year 1935 and reached to 15.9% in 1939. After the commencement of the World War II, the British Government started to assemble most of its resources for the war. The expenditure was over 40% of the GDP on the defence system for four years and it was raised to 46.37% of GDP in 1943 (Chantrill, 2010). The public expenditure in development of the state of education was expanded from 2% of GDP in 1990 to 6% of GDP in the second decade of 21st century. The spending in this sector has been increased to 3.37% of GDP in 1955. During the starting phase of 1956 the spending was increased rapidly and it accounted to 4% of GDP in 1960 and 6.5% of GDP in 1975 (Chantrill, 2010). There has been a decrease in the spending during the period of 1970 to 1980. In 1989 it reached to 4.25%

Write 4 page research paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Write 4 page - Research Paper Example The number of Arabs immigrants has rapidly grown due to the changes in the United States laws and the increased political and economic hardships in Middle East countries. Arabs Americans are the fastest growing minorities in America. The Arabs who first arrived in United Stated were comparatively homogenous groups of persons. Most of the Arabs immigrants were Christians from Lebanon and Syria. Most of them came from remote areas where they had limited access to formal education. The recent Arabs immigrants tend to be more diversified in terms of their educational achievement, religious background, and terms of their country of origin (Short 300). Arabs Americans are almost in every state, although they are more likely to be located at one place such as Chicago, New York, San Francisco, Detroit, Los Angeles, and Boston. The cities have large neighborhoods of Arabs Americans communities and have Arabic grocery stores, restaurants, and other businesses. The largest Arab Americans neighborhood is found Dearborn, Michigan. Arab Americans have become one of the most diverse groups of people in United States. Around 50 percent are Christians while the other 50 percent are Muslims. Some of the Arab immigrants trace their roots in African nations while others trace their origin in Asian countries. Some Arab Americans are born in America with their parents and grandparents born in United States making these Arabs have the little knowledge of the Arabic language. Others have immigrated to United States recently and therefore they are fluent in Arabic and can speak a bit of English. Arab Americans are also diversified in terms of income and jobs. Some are professional lawyers and doctors while others work in farms and factories. Many Arab Americans are a business owner of large enterprises. Some Arab women work as homemakers while others are found in all kinds of professions. Research shows that Arab Americans have better education level compared to average American

Lossless predictive coding

Lossless predictive coding Objective of the project Generating Huffman codeword using Huffman Coding to be transmitted to the decoder. Compare and analyze quality of 7 linear, fixed different Differential pulse code modulation (DPCM) predictors to find out which one achieves the best compression ratio. Compare and derive the compressed image against the original image to ensure our result has lossless compression. Introduction As we know, there is strong correlation or connection between spatially adjacent pixels. The aim of the predictive coding is to remove redundancy between consecutive pixels to facilitate the encoding of only the residual portion between actual and predicated (only new information). In other way, a pixel is coded as the difference between its actual value and a predicted value, which was computed from previously decoded values. As a result of that, compression ratio depends on the variance of the image, level of quantization of the difference values and quality of the prediction. After predictive coding, we can start to compress the original file size by using Differential pulse code modulation (DPCM) encoding and make a Huffman entropy codebook before transmitting the image. The decoder uses the Huffman codebook to first decode the Huffman entropy and followed by decoding Differential pulse code modulation (DPCM) to derive the constructed image.. Experimental result Differential Pulse Code Modulation (DPCM) Encoding Encode original Lena512.pgm image to DPCM values using 7 linear and fixed different Predictor methods: A (A + C)/2 (A + B + C)/3 A+B-C A+(B-C)/2 B+(A-C)/2 (A+B)/2 According to 7 above formulas, we can compute the difference between the previous pixel and current one. The predictor code table result will be sent to the next step, entropy encoder. The results show that the DPCM predictor B + (A -C)/2 achieves the best compression Ratio Entropy encoder (Huffman coding): Below part shows how the approach of Huffman coding is generated: Step 1: Retrieve the output of DPCM encoding. Step 2: Each value from DPCM encoding will be generated according to each occurrence probability in descending order. Step 3: Assign the Huffman codeword for each computed probability value For example: Each child probabilities is added to create the parent. The adding of probabilities continues until the root with final probability 1.0 as shown above. Hence, the Huffman Coding Table is formed. A bit is assigned to every node. The 0 bit is assigned to every left sub-tree of every node and the 1 bit is assigned to every right sub-tree of every node. Average length per symbol = 10.6+20.2+30.1+30.1= 1.6 bits/symbol In our experiment, since the optimal predictor is B + (A -C)/2, the codebook is generated according to this predictor. The DPCM values ranges from [-75, 87]. The table below shows the first 8 values among 162 DPCM values in Huffman codebook. RESULT DISCUSSIONS: (Optimal Predictor B + (A -C)/2, Encoding Part) Average bit/pixel=Compressed Size (Bits) / (columns x rows) =Compressed Size/ (512 x 512) After generating 162 codewords we are able to achieve 902428 bits. The derived average bit/pixel is approximately 3.442 bits/pixel. Compression Ratio= Original image size / Compressed image size Compression Ratio= 8 bits / (Average bit/pixel) (image resolution: 8 bits per pixel) The original image (Lena512.pgm picture) is a fixed 8 bits/pixel. Therefore, the compression ratio is 8/3.442=2.3239 by using Huffman codes. In order to write a file into binary bit format, the 8 binary adjacent bits is read and converted an integer. For Huffman decoding, the integers are written into a file. Entropy decoder (Huffman Decoding): The Huffman decoder uses the compressed image to regenerate the DPCM table. The compressed file integers are read and converted into a set of binary bits. If the binary code is not a prefix of any code, read each and every bit in the codebook to find a match. If no match is found, continue the search till a match is found in the codebook. Retreive the corresponding DPCM value for the binary code set. Step 2 is repeated until the binary set is exhausted. A DPCM table is generated and this is called the DPCM decoding process. For example: After converting integers into a set of binary bits, we have encoded bit stream of the first few pixels: 110111001101110011011101 According to Huffman lookup table, the corresponding DPCM values are: 87 87 86 DPCM Decoding: After decoding DPCM, the reconstructed image is retrieved. According to the above images, it can be concluded that the compression is a lossless one. There is no difference between original image and compressed one, as above images shown in reality or DPCM values encoded and decoded in theory. Project Discussion Analyzing Different Predictors for Lena.pgm Through above diagram, we can see the compression ratio of using one neighboring pixel (Predictor 1: A) for prediction is lower than using two or three neighboring pixels. And predictors which use 2 neighboring pixels have lower compression ratio than ones with 3 neighboring pixels Analyzing Different Predictors for other images: To further evaluate performance of the predictors, 4 different images were chosen to compute the effects the performance of the predictors. From the above diagrams, compression ratio of methods from 3 to 6 (They are: (A + B + C)/3, A+B-C, A+ (B-C)/2, B+ (A-C)/2 ) is higher than the rest. As there is strong connection between adjacent pixels, any predictor which can utilize connection between adjacent pixels produces good compression ratio As a result of that, the methods which use 1 or 2 neighboring pixels can not utilize this connection well. For example: Predictor A is used (only 1 pixel is used) for the first method. The encoded values are dependent on the previous value of the same row. Thus, the first columns values cannot be predicted or this predictor does not use connection between neighboring pixels appropriately. On the other hand, the images that fall at the center region have a lower compression ratio than ones which spreads over the entire white-grey-black scale.. Since the conducted experiments pertain only on .pgm format images (Black-And-White image), it is unable to determine compression ratio of colored images (RGB, YCbCr, HSV color bases) Conclusion According to all above experiments and diagrams, we can assert that there is no one definite predictor for every image to achieve best compression ratio because different images need different predictors to achieve better compression results. In general, since there is strong correlation between spatially adjacent pixels, any predictor which can utilize connection between adjacent pixels produces good compression ratio. In our experiment compression method from 3 to 6 will produce better compression than the rest. In reality, Static Huffman Coding is popular and easy to implement but does not obtain theoretically optimum number of bits to encode symbols because of condition: Huffman codeword must be an integer number of bits long, e.g. if probability of 1 symbol is 0.9, the optimum code word size should be 0.15 bits but in Huffman Coding, it is 1 bit. Moreover, if symbol probabilities are unknown or not stable (source changes), Dynamic Huffman coding should be chosen but the implementation is very complicated. On the other hand, so as to achieve non-integer length coding and probability derived in real-time, Arithmetic coding is a good alternative. However, the implementation of Arithmetic coding is slow due to many multiplications (in some cases, divisions).

The higher the temperature of the sodium thiosulphate the faster the :: GCSE Chemistry Coursework Investigation

The higher the temperature of the sodium thiosulphate the faster the reaction of the two liquids. Information. According to the kinetic theory all matter is made up of tiny, invisible particles that move all the time. When the temperature is increased around or on these particles, the faster they move. Heavier particles move more slowly than light ones at a given temperature. This theory defines the differences between solids liquids and gasses; in a gas the particles move freely and at random in all the space available, in solids particles only vibrate around fixed positions and in liquids the particles have some freedom and can move around each other. Using the kinetic theory we can explain changes in the state of substances as they are heated and cooled. We can also explain dissolving and diffusion using the kinetic theory. The kinetic theory says that gases diffuse to fill up the space around them. This explains how the smell of cooking can be smelt all over the house after a short period of time. It's not only gases that diffuse, diffusion occurs in liquids too. Diffusion involves the movement of particles from a region of higher concentration towards a region of lower concentration. The kinetic theory can be used to explain the factors affecting the rates of reaction, this is an extension to the kinetic theory called the collision theory. The collision theory says that Chemical reactions occur when particles of the reactants collide. They must collide with a certain minimum energy, called the activation energy. To summarise, the requirements for an effective collision (for a chemical reaction to occur): The reactants must collide with each other, The molecules must have sufficient energy to initiate the reaction (called activation energy). Planning This experiment is to discover what affects rate of reaction. In this experiment there are two solutions used, Sodium Thiosulphate and Hydrochloric Acid. (Sodium Thiosulphate + Hydrochloric Acid) (Na2S2O3 (aq) + 2HCl (aq) In this reaction, a fine precipitate of sulphur slowly forms, to measure the rate of reaction, we time how long it takes to form the precipitate. Five of the most common ways to influence the rate of reaction can be explained using collision theory. They are: changing the nature of the reactants, changing the concentration of one or more of the reactants, changing the temperature at which a reaction is performed, changing the surface area of a solid reactant, adding a catalyst. I have chosen to study how the rate of reaction changes when the temperature of the sodium thiosulphate is varied. Before we could conduct the experiment there was some preliminary work to be done. This was to find out what amount of each liquid would be

Monkey: Journey to the west Essay

Monkey: Journey to the West is a story of an adventure for enlightenment to India in order to find ancient Buddhist scriptures. The story consists of Chinese legends, tales, and superstitions. Daoism, Confucianism, and Buddhism play a huge role throughout this story. Monkey: Journey to the West is a story that discusses religion, and moral issues. The monkey acts the way he does due to underlying religious themes played throughout the story. At first understanding why the Monkey acts the way he does may seem difficult. However, after reading deeper through the story one learns that social satire in the Monkey is what gives him his rebellious personality. The end of the story reveals the hidden spiritual meaning behind the monkeys change in actions. Monkey: Journey to the West is told in three major parts. The first being the monkeys early life history and spirit, and the second about Tripitakas family and history before leaving to obtain the religious Buddhist scriptures. The remaini ng section has to do with his three animal spirit disciples, monkey, pig, and a fish. The story of the Monkey shows the struggles of educating oneself on a spiritual path. The characters are representations of religious figures in Buddhism, Confucianism and Taoism. The Monkey represents restlessness and powerful energy, which has to be under control before the journey to the religious scriptures can start. After a while he becomes worried about the thought of death and reincarnation. Buddhists believe in cycle of birth, life and death in order to achieve what they call Nirvana. One must release their self desire in order to obtain the ultimate goal. The Monkey desires to be immortal, however Confucianism recognizes death to be one of the most important times in ones life. Monkey decides that he must explore the ends of the world in order to find a way to get around death and reincarnation because he is not happy with the ways on the three religions. His journey leads him across oceans and over mountains to the Cave of the Slanting Moon where the immortal Patriarch lives. Monkey decides to become a student of the Patriarch in order to gain his knowledge on becoming immortal. Monkey abuses the situation and he is let go by the patriarch due to his extremist actions. When Monkey learns ways of being immortal he returns home and he is more greedy than ever. Greed is looked down upon in Buddhism, Confuscism, and Taoism. Monkey then continues his journey to the dragons and takes their treasures in an ungrateful manner. He uses immoral and threatening actions  to obtain his goals, which are clearly looked down upon. At this time the Monkey is beginning to upset a lot of people, and even the Jade Emperor of Heaven is becoming upset. Monkey totally disgregards everyones feelings and continues to act in such a rude and immoral manner. Monkey still has a desire for more so he eats the immortal fruits, drinks the immortal wine, and he even takes Lao Tzu’s special pills. At this point heaven is becoming even more angry over the Monkeys actions. The Monkey returns home and Heaven implements another attack on him. This attack was successful, Heaven defeated the monkey with the help of Buddha and Lao Tzu. In conclusion Monkey is imprisoned for 500 years. At the end of they story the Monkey has a huge change in mind set due to some help.. The Monkey changes when Hsuang-tsang gives him a second chance to prove himself. Hsuang-tsang stays within the same morals and values of Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism. The qualities of forgivenes are in each path to reaching great peace. Monkey realizes the way he acted before being imprisoned was not suitable for his pilgrimage he set out on. Monkey becomes a student of Hsuang-tsang and joins his journey to India. The Buddha shows the Monkey. He explains to him how his spiritual mind has opened his inner soul to help interpret and accept forgiveness from others. Thus, helping Monkey reach his own spiritual purpose.

Free Essays on Clone

Should Human Cloning Be Permitted? For years, part of the American public, and humans in general, have been fascinated with the possibility of creating human life by other than natural means. There are many who strongly disagree with the idea of human cloning. It certainly wasn't surprising when they were able to clone a sheep and will not be the least surprised if someday scientist's will be able to clone a human being. Should cloning for human benefits or even human cloning itself be allowed in society today? That is a question we must ask ourselves? On one side of the issue are those who believe that human cloning should be permitted. One thing that shows this, is what human cloning research may bring. Those who opposed to a ban believe that human cloning research could bring substantial benefits, including the development of new treatments for cystic fibrosis, other diseases and the ability to create animal with normal compatible organs for transplant. (1."Should Congress Prohibi t All Human Cloning Experimentation",Pg 34). From my opinion, I believe that human cloning is just a huge step towards negativism in human life's, rather than simply being the next step in fertility technology. There might be a possibility that human cloning research may result in the discovery of a cure for diseases and the growing of human organs, but the disadvantages are that many years as well as money may be need it. Also several experts told the committee that cloning might be the only chance for many infertile couples to have their own genetically related children.(2.Gorman,Pg66). For what I see these cases are rarely seen, and the little amount of couples who suffer of infertility are more likely to adopt a child. Infertility, is not the cause. This is not the main reason why scientists are coming up with the idea of human cloning. What I believe is that scientists are just making propaganda in order to make the public to get on their side. Another ... Free Essays on Clone Free Essays on Clone Should Human Cloning Be Permitted? For years, part of the American public, and humans in general, have been fascinated with the possibility of creating human life by other than natural means. There are many who strongly disagree with the idea of human cloning. It certainly wasn't surprising when they were able to clone a sheep and will not be the least surprised if someday scientist's will be able to clone a human being. Should cloning for human benefits or even human cloning itself be allowed in society today? That is a question we must ask ourselves? On one side of the issue are those who believe that human cloning should be permitted. One thing that shows this, is what human cloning research may bring. Those who opposed to a ban believe that human cloning research could bring substantial benefits, including the development of new treatments for cystic fibrosis, other diseases and the ability to create animal with normal compatible organs for transplant. (1."Should Congress Prohibi t All Human Cloning Experimentation",Pg 34). From my opinion, I believe that human cloning is just a huge step towards negativism in human life's, rather than simply being the next step in fertility technology. There might be a possibility that human cloning research may result in the discovery of a cure for diseases and the growing of human organs, but the disadvantages are that many years as well as money may be need it. Also several experts told the committee that cloning might be the only chance for many infertile couples to have their own genetically related children.(2.Gorman,Pg66). For what I see these cases are rarely seen, and the little amount of couples who suffer of infertility are more likely to adopt a child. Infertility, is not the cause. This is not the main reason why scientists are coming up with the idea of human cloning. What I believe is that scientists are just making propaganda in order to make the public to get on their side. Another ...

Diana essays

Diana essays The life of Lady Diana, Princess of Wales, continues to inspire the world today. Ever since she was a child, Diana put smiles on peoples faces. As she grew older, began dating Prince Charles, celebrated her highly publicized wedding and participated in royal duties as part of the British monarchy, Diana always seemed to make everyone have a better outlook on themselves. Even in death, she continues to be a positive influence on people everywhere. Princess Diana was born on July 1, 1961 at Park House, to Edward John and Frances Spencer, her proud parents. Dianas parents had the royal titles of Viscount and Viscountess Althrop. Her own title was the Honorable Diana Frances Spencer. They were an extremely noble family. Diana had two sisters, Sarah and Jane, and a brother named Charles (Diana as a Child Internet). She always did things her own way, yet she was a delightful child. She was taught to have extremely good manners and to be on her best behavior at all times (Darling 10-11). Dianas father worked for Queen Elizabeth and the two families (the Spencers and the Windsors) would spend time at the Sandringham house. The children would play together and swim all day long (Darling 12-13 ) Diana was an intelligent child. She attended the prep school, Riddlesworth Hall in Diss, Norfolk. In 1974, Diana was sent to a boarding school called West Heath, near Sevenoaks, Kent. While studying there, Diana became an accomplished pianist and received many awards. In 1977, she was sent to finishing school at the Institute of Alpine Videmantte in Rougemont, Switzerland (Diana as a Child Internet). Despite of all the finishing schools Diana was sent to, she still enjoyed sports. Diana really liked swimming, tennis, and netball. Diana also had a love for dancing, and often said that she was obsessed with the ballet (Darling 18). At the age of sixteen, Diana had never been on an airplane, so that December...

Land Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Land Law - Essay Example This paper will analyze a case scenario which involves situations of easement rights, mortgage laws, and restrictive easements. Easement rights In English law, easement is an individual’s right over another’s land. In other words, â€Å"an easement is a right over one piece of land existing for the benefit of another piece of land† (plainlaw solicitors). The common easement rights recognised include the right to use way/driveway or light, the right to park a car on neighbour’s land, or even to use a neighbour’s lavatory. Some recent findings of the Law Commission indicate that at least 65% of registered freehold titles are subjected to easement rights (Law Commission & Ministry of Justice 2011). Although people have extensive easement rights under English law, land owners are not allowed to access a public highway without an easement right under certain circumstances. In order to claim an easement right successfully, the claim must meet the requirem ents of the common law definition. Danckwerts J in Re Ellenborough Park (1956) set forth four essential characteristics of an easement. The first essential feature of an easement is that ‘there must be a dominant and a servient tenement’ (Bailey 2012, pp. 205-207). ... It is particularly important to note that a claim of easement cannot be justified if the dominant and servient tenement come under a common ownership. Fourth, ‘the right claimed must be capable of forming the subject-matter of a grant’. It is the most complex characteristic of an easement and it must be definite and certain in its purpose (Ibid, pp. 205-207). Generally an easement is created in four different ways such as express grant or reservation, implied grant or reservation, prescription, and statute (NPC, n.d.). In most cases, easement rights are expressively created in a transfer document, and it is called easement creation by express grant or reservation. In case of creation of easements by implied grant or reservation, the right may be implied. The right to use way across the surrounding neighbour’s land to the public highway is an example of easement creation by implied grant/reservation. Sometimes an easement right will be created or granted following an open and unchallenged exercise for a long time. To illustrate, the right to use a way will be granted if the way has been uninterruptedly used for a long time (a minimum of 20 years). Finally, an easement right may be created by statute also. From the case scenario, it is clear that Anne sold a part of her land to Mike and Zara, who subsequently gained planning permission to convert an existing stable on the land. Here, it seems that Anne cannot prevent Mike and Zara from using the driveway that crosses her land because it is the only practical way to access the stable. The case context clearly says that the badly maintained country road is not a possible option for Mike and Zara. While analyzing the case, it is obvious that Mike and Zara

The role of the social worker - modern day social worker Essay

The role of the social worker - modern day social worker - Essay Example The formalisation of this profession implies a formal academic type of initiation into it. One learns social work as a course at the university level and has several openings in the job market based on one’s aptitude and area of interest. â€Å"The social work profession promotes social change, problem solving in human relationships, and the empowerment and liberation of people to enhance well-being† (IFSW, 2012). A social worker performs various roles and functions. He/She is an awareness creator, a liaison person, a facilitator, a voice for the underprivileged and much more. (S) he has the most crucial role to play, especially where the patient does not have any immediate kith and kin. The number of functions performed depends on the area where (s) he is active and the type of intervention or service required of him/her. A hospital is one such setting where social workers offer their services. The actual type of services rendered in a hospital depends on the sector in question viz. private, voluntary or statutory. Social workers have various goals in a health care organisation viz. to manage the risk involved, to develop programs for dialog, linking the community with the hospital, promoting research and education (Ontario Association of Social Workers, 2004). A person in the private sector has fewer privileges when compared to one from the government sector. Hence, the type of intervention will also differ. If a person has been the victim of an occupation hazard, the social worker faces an uphill task in giving justice to the aggrieved party. The extent to which the employee can be given compensation through legal recourse is limited. However, the social worker can make the employee aware of the state in which (s) he is and how one should adapt to the changed circumstance. This is the case even when a non-employee is forced to use hospital services due the ill-effects of the organisation concerned on the health of the former. This being the case,

Israel & US aid Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Israel & US aid - Essay Example The United States policy aims at promoting trade and cooperation with other nations. However, the United States has gone through economic downturn while the Chinese communist government has been rising rapidly (China Times, 2011). China is the greatest creditor to the United States and is uncomfortable with a single country’s global reserve currency. China believes the US should cut spending on social security and military. According to People’s daily, Beijing was angered by the decision to downgrade the US debt by S & P. The Chinese stepped up criticism against the United States and complained of the scheme of worldwide currencies that has been subjugated by the US dollar. The primary reason is the desire for Beijing to protect its financial interests (McGrego, 2012). According to a Chinese official Xinhua, the mounting dept and opinionated battles with US have dented the illustration of US overseas. The Chinese officials asserted that the US must cease its addiction to debt and learn to live within its means (China Times, 2011). This shall ensure safety of the Chinese assets in dollars. According Jamil, Beijing is unhappy with the checks subjected to the Chinese investors in the United States. China accuses the united states of checking the political background of Chinese investors. One of the Chinese officials, Wang, criticized the united states of discrimination and overspending on military at the expense of the economy (UPI, 2012). The Chinese policy aims at protecting its international interest like increasing its military presence and military budget. The United States has been opposing increased military spending in China. China is exerting influence in places it never affected before. For decades, China did business with regimes like Iran and Sudan which were unfriendly to the United States (McGregor, 2012). Presently the Chinese are doing business with America’s closest allies. China surpassed the United States to become the

Organizational Change Essay Example for Free

Organizational Change Essay Given the complex nature and competitive environment under which modern organizations operate ,the way forward for organization is to adopt strategies ,methods and practices which enable them to be ahead of their competitors. Recently global ,political and economic events such as liberations of economics,arising cost of productions ,global economic downtown ,the many competing and substitute products in the market and the spill over effects of the terrorist attacks in America, have led many organization to retrench adopt stringent cost cutting measures and to think of appropriate measures of attracting the largest number of consumers and secure a leading market share in a given industry . To remain competitive, modern organization should aim at uniqueness and superiority in all spheres of their operations ;in technology ,work procedures ,good and services ,approaches to the various management function of planning ,organizing,staffing , directing and controlling . These changes are only possible through creative and innovative thinking . The survival and continued relevance of organizations in the market place therefore depends on the strategies and survival tactics evolved by these organizations to respond to changes in the operating environment. One of the greatest challenges facing organizations therefore is the management of change in a manner that encourages pro activity and ensures continued relevance . Organization change can be defined from various perspectives . One commonly used definition of change is alteration of existing activities ,change can also be defined as innovative; the basic sense of introducing something new in the organization. Organizational change in the sense of improvement therefore refers to activities aimed at strengthening organizational performance such as new technology, work policy ,procedure,product,work attitudes and structural design . Creativity is the process through which a change can be introduced in an organization. It refers to the generation of new ideas into a real product ,service or method of production . Organization change ,creativity and innovation through creative ideas most be capable of being implemented. A creative ideas work therefore be useless unless it is innovative . Organizational change may be necessitated by pressure from outside or within the organization Cole G. A. 1996), Management Theory and Practice says that external forces for change are those forces which operate from outside organization,These include ; forces of competition ,for example competitors changing their strategies and other methods of operations; economic forces such as poor economic performance may require new cost cutting measures; political and legal forces such as passage of new laws by the government . Economic liberalization policy which no longer affords protection to local firms may require them to adopt new methods in products strategies in order to remain in competitive in the face of the inflow of foreign goods. Technological forces,for example,new technology of a firm obsolete ;social cultural forces such as change as in societal norms,values and altitudes should be accompanied by corresponding changes in goods and services. For example, a changes in taste require that a company must change quality levels,feature of existing products and services or introduce a completely new product in the market;physical forces like change in weather and climatic patterns,for example,adverse weather effects may require a company to adjust its production program. This may be due to shortage of essential agricultural based raw materials. Other external forces for change may be;creditors changing their lending policies which would mean that companies must work harder than before;trade unions imposing new conditions on matters affecting employees;consumer protection organizations insisting on specific quality standards hence the need to be quality sensitive;consumer insisting on quality and efficient services other than low prices or fees charged. Internal forces for change include;existing procedures which have become irrelevant and the existing structures which are too rigid hence the need for flexible structures;centralized systems of authority which is no longer effective after major organizational growth and expansion ;negative working attitudes by workers which need to be changed through new policies,rules and procedures,existing technology which may be obsolete and the organization has to adopt the new technology for it to improve efficiency and the competitive edge against other competitors;existing products and services which are no longer competitive in the market;existing training program which have become irrelevant in light of changes in work methods and technology;existing compensation policy which is not motivational such as automatic salary increment not based on merit. Anew compensation method for example payment by results may be adopted or introduced in the organization n facing up these internal triggers for change,management have to plan how they will respond to them. Some potential changes will have been announced well before hand and in these cases planning is taken care of pro actively . Koontz and Weirich (1995)Management:A global perspective, defined a change agent as any person or a group of people who may identify and recommend the need for change in an organization . Examples include, a committee set by the management, a task force, board of directors,shareholders,managers or individual employees. An employee for example may identify a difficulty or a weakness in the existing work procedures and suggest change to the management. If the change is rather insignificant and may not affect the final results,an employee may just implement such a change without a further consultations. Organizational change may be introduced in a planned or in reactive manner. A planned change is introduced pro actively when the organization identifies the need based on the benefits believed to come from change without disrupting operational processes. All change will incur some direct costs,for example,equipment costs,relocation costs,recruitment costs and possible redundancy payments. There will be also indirect costs such as communicating the changes to employees ,providing appropriate training and temporarily redeploying key managers and staff on change projects. An organization should also consider what might be the costs of not introducing the proposed changes. The resources required are identified in advance,employees trained or prepared accordingly adequate measures put in place to deal with the effects of change such as resistance to change. A reactive change on the other hand is normally introduced in an abrupt manner through a piecemeal approaches. A company waits until the pressure for change becomes too much and simply reacts through measures which can lead to immediate solution of a problem. For example, when there is cut throat price competition , a company may wait until it finds it unavoidable to reduce its prices when it is not able to survive in the market by maintaining its prices. According to Lewin Schein model , a model propounded by Kurt Lewin and Edgar Sshein,German Management theorists ,change can be introduced in an organization through the following steps:unfreezing that is,identifying the need for change and making it clear to employees how the organization will benefit by changing the status quo;change the transition period in the change process when employees abandon the old practices and adopt the new practices or change from the old to new attitudes ;refreezing which are the measures taken by the management which would ensure that employees sustain or continue with the changed attitudes or behavior. Emotional support,encouragement or financial reward may be provided. Through positive reinforcements ,new practices become the accepted ways of doing things in an organization. One of the principal ways in which organization can bring about planned change is by means of organization development. Organization development is a strategy for improving organizational effectiveness by means of behavioral science approaches,involving application of diagnostic and problem solving skills by an external consultant in collaboration with the organizational management. Organization development is an organization wide process,it takes an essentially systems view of the organization;it utilizes the techniques and approaches of the behavioral sciences that is psychology and sociology;it also involves the intervention of an external third party in the shape of a change agent trained and experienced in behavioral science application in the work situation. Organization development is aimed at organization effectiveness that is,it is something more than management development ;it is concerned with changing structures and decision processes as it is with changing peoples behavior. Organization development is about change and this change can be painful especially when it involves peoples attitudes ,beliefs and self image. The organization development is utilized when the senior management of an organization come to recognize that the key components of the organization system are not working harmoniously together. There is no one best way of introducing and designing an organization development program in an organization. It first takes a preliminary stage whereby the senior management team discusses the scope and implications of an a organization development with the change agent. This includes discussion about the aims of a possible program and the means by which it might be achieved. It also includes a consideration of the possible implication for the organization arising from the implementation of a program;it then define the nature of the relation ship between the change agent and the organizations management that is,whether the change agent is to play the role of an expert , a catalyst for new ideas ,educator or some other agreed role. If the agreement is reached about the idea of commencing an organization development program then it goes to the next stage of analysis and diagnosis where the change agent usually takes the initiative by designing appropriate methods for obtaining relevant information for example,interviews and surveys and by proposing a strategy for putting these into operation with the full backing of the management team. The information obtained should clarify the problems facing the organization,and build up a picture of staff attitude and opinions as well as supplying some important suggestions as to how the problems would be solved. On the basis of information received,the management team and the change agent agree their diagnosis of the situation . The management team in close collaboration with the change agent agree on what are the aims and objectives of the program. These aims could be to improve profitability ,secure a share of new market ,improve staff motivation or other desired improve ment. To these ends,specific objectives would be useful,such as to achieve the restructuring of the company along matrix lines over a period of say , one and a half years and obtain the full commitment of all the management staff to an open and democratic style of leadership or to reduce substantially the number of customer complaints about after sale service. The organizations problems have been analyzed ,a diagnosis of the overall situation has been made and agreement has been reached about the aims and the objectives of the exercise,it then behooves a moment of planning the content and the sequence of activities designed to achieve the aims of the programs. Much of the tactics in the planning stage will be influenced by the change agent whose skills and expertise knowledge in behavioral matters will be brought to bear on the manner of introducing the various organizational development activities. These activities will be examined more closely in bits noting the progression. Once the plans have been put into action,it is very imperative that they should be monitored at frequent intervals by the management and the change agent. Difficulties and misconceptions are bound to occur and these must be noted as soon as possible and dealt with quickly. If a particular activity is having adverse results,it will have to be amended or even dropped from the programs. From time to time more substantial reviews of the progress towards the aims and objectives of the exercise will be required ,and this often leads to comparing the results against the benchmarks which are the objectives of the whole change process. In light of the major review it is possible that some important revisions of the aims may be important for which further series of plans will be necessary. The success of any organization development concerning change process in an organization depends largely on the part played by the change agent. The change agent is at the core center of the entire organizations development process. If the change agent is not able to build a firm relationship between himself and the management team concerned,or if he fails to establish his credibility with a range of other groups,his chances of obtaining a sense of commitment required in the whole process are so low. Conversely,if the gains trust and respect both as a person and as a skilled adviser, then he stands a better chance of achieving his own contribution to the aims and the objectives of the program. The roles of a change agent are a multiple ones. These roles range from the highly directive,leadership type of roles to a non-directive counseling role. In the first place,he prescribes what is best for his clients and on the other hand ,he will reflect issues and problems back to his clients without offering any judgment to himself. Qualities of intellect and personality are also important with the change agent in particular the ability to listen and to apply rational approaches to problems and situations;also a mature outlook in terms of awareness and acceptance of personal strengths and weakness. Abilities required are not only those associated with behavioral science knowledge but more general skills such as interviewing skills,presentation skills and the ability to establish and maintain comfortable relationship with a wide cross-section of people. This combination of attributes suggests that a change agent will not always be readily available. It takes a certain kind of character to be able to make the contribution to joint problem solving and decision making that is required in the organization development. The most significant benefits of an organization development program obviously depends on the needs of the organization at the commencement of the program. Organization development enables an organization to adapt to change in away that obtains the full commitment of the employees concerned that is,it instills a mind of change in the employees minds where they perceive themselves as apart of the whole process of change ;organization development can also lead to organization structures that will facilitate employee cooperation and the achievement of tasks in that it brings about the issue of critical thought and mind development whenever the employees swaps between the jobs and the ranks unlike when the the employees would on a p[articular job and role until the retirement hence change brings about new challenges to the employee which eventually turns around the status quo and implement the policies of an enterprise into improvement of services;it also release the ;latent energy and creativity in the organization by way of specialization;it provides opportunities for management development in the context of real organization problems and the way to solve them by involving all the parties concerned including employees in the decision making process;it may also stimulate more creative approaches to problem-solving throughout the entire organization. Finally,change increases the ability of the management groups to look as teams and this will eventually lead to the achievement of longterm goals of the company. Resistance to change has been associated with the change and accepted as a major element of any change process. No matter how change may benefit the organization and individual employees,there will always be a tendency to resist it. Stower J.  F (2000) Management,says that change may result from fear of the unknown ,for example,potential difficulties or uncertainties which may come along with a new method or a procedure;fear of losing power,prestige or status that is fear of perceived inferiority complex towards the subordinates;fear of losing job related opportunities such as promotion or lack of care growth;failure to understand why a change is being introduced due to poor communication;perpetual differences between individual employees ,managers or work groups;fear of losing a job or going for further training when computerization program is to be undertaken or a major change are to be introduced through business process re-engineering . The management should device ways of reducing some of the resistance to change in an organization such ways as;conduct an education and communicate effectively with employees on the need and benefits of change;involve employees in planning the change process ;negotiate with employees or departments which are likely to resist changes ;introduce change in piecemeal manner and provide emotional support including time off during the most difficult period of the change process;selectively use information which gives emphasis on positive aspects of change. Employees likely to resist change may also be co-opted or assigned new positions created during the change process. In order to create an environment in which people think creatively and develop suitable ideas for change ,the management of an organization should take the following measures;develop an acceptance for change,employees must think strategically and believe that change is inevitable for the organization survival;provide a clea r objectives and freedom to achieve them. Organization members who are given clear objectives would be stimulated to meet them . Their creativity will have a purpose and direction ;a conducive environment for creativity is enhanced if individual have the opportunities to interact with members of their own and other work groups. Such interaction encourages team spirit ,exchange of useful information,free flow of ideas and fresh perspective on problems,also make it clear in word and deeds that the management welcomes new ideas. Managers who closely supervise every action of subordinates encourage them to follow orders rather than to experiment with new ideas. Because of tough competition ,resource scarcity and high equipment costs,the only way to ensure survival in any industry is change through creativity and innovation. Any idea that leads to more efficient and effective operation should be explored and implemented,hence a new idea may be a boon in an organization.

Two Wheelers In India Marketing Essay

Two Wheelers In India Marketing Essay Riding a two wheeler gives once a felling of freedom and enjoying the natural beauty. In India two wheelers are generally preferred because of their compact sizes affordable process, low maintenance and easy loan repayment. If we see Indian streets they are generally filled up of two wheelers. The  trend  of  owning  two wheelers  in India is  due  to  a  variety  of  facts.  One  of  the  chief  Ã‚  is  poor  public  transport  in  many  parts  of  India.   Additionally,  two-wheelers  offer  a  great  deal  of  convenience  and mobility for  the Indian  family. India is the third largest producer of Two wheelers in the world it come just next to Japan and China. In last few years the the Indian two-wheelers industry has got spectacular growth. Two wheeler industry in India has a small beginning in early 50s. The Automobile Products of India (API) started manufacturing scooters in the country which was later taken over by Bajaj Auto. Although various government and private enterprises entered the fray for scooters, the only new player that has lasted till today is LML. The motorcycle segment of India was initially dominated by Escorts175cc bike and Enfield 350cc bikes. In mid 80s the two-wheeler market was opened to foreign competition. And the then market leaders Escorts and Enfield were caught unaware by the onslaught of the 100cc  bikes of the four Indo-Japanese joint ventures. With the availability of fuel efficient low power  Ã‚  bikes, demand for this swelled which results in Hero Honda then the only producer of four stroke bikes(100cc category), gaining a top slot. The first Japanese motorcycles were introduced in the early eighties. TVS Suzuki and Hero Honda brought in the first two-stroke and four-stroke engine motorcycles respectively.   TVS Suzuki and Hero Honda initially started with assembly of CKD kits which later on progressed to indigenous manufacturing. In the 90s the Japanese motorcycles has brought in major growth for motorcycle segment , which grew at a  rate of nearly 25% CAGR in the last  five years. The motorcycle industry had a smooth ride in the 50s, 60s and 70s when the Government has prohibited new entries and controlled capacity expansion strictly. In 80s the industry saw a sudden growth and a peak volume of 1.9 mn vehicles. The entire automobile industry saw a drastic fall in demand in the year 1990 which resulted in decline of demand by 15% in 1991 and 8% in 1992, resulting in a production loss of 0.4mn vehicles. Hero Honda showed a marginal decline in 1992 and all the major producers suffered from recession in Fy 1993-1994. The reasons for recession in the sector were high input costs , incessant rise in fuel prices and reduced purchasing power of the people due to significant rise in gen eral price level and credit crunch was there consumer financing. Later with development of economic situation, sales of  two wheeler increased increased.   In the last eight to ten years, the two-wheeler  market has witnessed a shift from scooters to motorcycles. Particularly in the rural areas, consumers have started preferring sturdier bikes to withstand the bad road conditions. Key Factors affecting sales of Motorcycles: The various factors which effect the sales of motorcycles are Petrol Prices- As they determine the running cost of the vehicles so change in the pricing policy of Government of India will have an impact on two wheelers sales. Improvement in disposable income certainly play a multiplier effect on the demands of consumer durables. Ease on the availability of credits will leads to increase in demand of two wheelers. Key players in  the Two-wheeler Industry: There are many two-wheeler manufacturers in India the major players are as follows: Hero Honda Motors Ltd (HHML) -Bajaj Auto Ltd (Bajaj Auto) and -TVS Motor  Company Ltd (TVS) Kinetic Motor Company Ltd(KMCL),     Yamaha  Motors  India  Ltd(Yamaha), Royal Enfield Ltd (REL) and Honda Motorcycle Scooter India (P) Ltd  (HMSI). Various bikes models: 100 cc bikes segment: The bikes in this segment are generally simple and are not much expensive and their main target customers are middle income people. These bikes consume less fuel as they have 100 cc motor and they are suitable for travelling longer distance. The bikes in 100 cc are most rightly can be said as value for money. The various competing bikes in this segment are : -Bajaj Discover  100, Bajaj Platina 100, Hero Honda Passion Plus, -Hero Honda Splendor Plus and Yamaha Crux TVS STAR City We are going to compare the following mentioned models: Bajaj Discover  100 Hero Honda Splendor Plus Yamaha Crux TVS Centra Bajaj Discover 100 Brand Name Bajaj Discover Parent Company Bajaj Auto Category Motorcycle Sector Two-wheeler Automobile Tagline/ Slogan Discover India with the power of 1 litre USP It give good mileage Brand Ambassador Evolution: Bajaj Discover is a motorcycle brand owned by Bajaj Auto in India. It was launched in 2004 and since then it was a huge success in two wheeler segment and can be rightly called commuters bike. It has a 2nd generation DTS- Si four stroke engine. Discover provides high power and high torque which is able to produce up to 7500 rpm and torque of 5000 rpm. Bajaj has launched 100cc Discover DTS-Si which has 2nd generation engine and provide an average of 75km/hr on road speed in city and 83km/hr on highways and being termed as long distance Bike. It has 5 transmission gears to provide constant transmission. The Bajaj Discover DTS-Si will be available in four colour i.e red, blue, deep black and green. Bajaj Discover DTS-Si 100cc has unmatched durability as all the other Discover  bikes in india. Some of the premium design features of this motorcycle are LED tail-lamp, alloy wheels and an all black presentation with attractive chrome styling elements. This newly launched Bajaj two-wheeler is packed to deliver unmatched performance through polycot piston with the sturdy Discover format and yielding complete comfort varied features like ergonomically designed seats.   Features: Electric start system Longest wheelbase in the entire segment Full DC electrical system Auto choke that helps in easy starting Nitrox suspension that makes riding comfortable even on rough roads Maintenance free battery along with charge indicator 5 speed gear box Target Segment: Bajaj Discover is mainly targeting the lower middle class people who look value for money and need a bike that give good mileage and look stylish. Target Group: Youth of middle class in age group of 25-35 years. Positioning: A bike that can be used for exploring new avenues. SWOT ANALYSIS OF BAJAJ DISCOVER SWOT Strength 1.Strong brand name and huge market   2.Excellent distribution through franchisees   3.Most reliable for Indian roads as it requires low maintenance 4.Good mileage Weakness 1. Focuses on just mileage Opportunity 1. Expansion in rural and tier-2 cities   2. Innovations in technology Threats 1. New entrants   2. Competitors   3. Low cost bikes Hero Honda Splendor Brand Name Hero Honda(Hero MotoCorp) Splendor Parent Company Hero Honda Category Motorcycles Sector Two-wheeler Tagline/ Slogan Yaari ki Gaadi; Desh ki dhadkan USP A bike with low maintenance and good mileage Brand Ambassador The largest bike manufacture of country Hero Honda has got super rich and best selling bike in its stable that is  Hero Honda Splendor, the total variant of the brand are 4. Hero Honda has recently upgraded its  Hero Honda Splendor  Super model and the new bike is priced at Rs. 45950 in Delhi. Hero Honda launched its flagship model  Hero Honda Splendor  in the year 1994 and it bring name and fame to the company instantly since the launch. Only after a gap of 6 years,  Hero Honda Splendor  was declared World No. 1 largest selling single two-wheeler model. The basic model of the  Hero Honda Splendor  was having only standard equipment only but technology was mind-blowing as a result the bike made records after records of selling. In the year 2003, Hero Honda upgraded the basic model of  Hero Honda Splendor  and launched a revamped version named as Hero Honda Splendor Plus which also saw a big success. The company announced to sell the basic and improved model side by side but discontinued the former silently after sometime. Now only  Hero Honda Splendor  Plus version is available in market. The  Hero Honda Splendor  Plus is powered by an air cooled, 4 stroke, single cylinder OHC engine with 97.2 cc of displacement. The engine produces peak power of 7.4 bhp at 8,000 rpm and churn peak torque of 7.95 Nm at 5,000 rpm. It uses world class suspension and brakes which can be called as the USP of Hero Honda bikes in India. The new avatar of  Hero Honda Splendor  sports alloy wheels, pass light, helmet lock and handy indicators switch. The company further revamped the  Hero Honda Splendor  brand and launched Hero Honda Splendor Super in the year 2005. It is a bigger machine than its predecessors. The bike is loaded with 125cc, 4-Stroke OHC, Single Cylinder, Air Cooled engine which churns maximum power of 9 bhp at 7,000 rpm while belts out 10.35 Nm of peak torque at 4,000 rpm. Other modifications on this bike include, self start, bigger engine, wider wheelbase and bike weight. The latest offering in the Hero Honda stable is Hero Honda Splendor NXG which was launched in the year 2007. Basically the bike was designed and launched targeting youth thereby more graphics, self start, alloy wheels and sporty look. For the first time in Hero Honda history, it added self start option, after a year of the launch, to an entry-level bike along with black alloy wheels. In addition to this, ne generation Pro Series Engines is incorporated in the  Hero Honda Splendor  NXG. Apart from these, the bike is equipped with new generation digital CDI unit, new design carburetor with TCIS, Halogen bulb Trapeziodal, MFR in headlamp and new style graphics. The bike is again an entry-level bike which comes loaded with 4 stoke, single cylinder OHC, air cooled 97.2cc engine. The engine develops a peak power of 7.8 bhp at 7,500 rpm and generates 8.04 Nm of peak torque at 4,500 rpm. Hero Honda Splendor Mileage, Average and Fuel Economy The  Hero Honda Splendor  series bikes are known for their superb mileage and low maintenance. The  Hero Honda Splendor  Plus gives around 65-70 kmpl. It has got 11 litres of fuel tank capacity along with 1 litre of fuel reserve.  Hero Honda SplendorSuper can give around 63-68 kmpl of mileage. The maximum fuel tank capacity is 12 litres. Whereas  Hero Honda Splendor  NXG has 9.5 litres of fuel tank capacity and 1.8 litres of reserve and you can expect around 70-75 kmpl of fuel economy in city. The all new  Hero Honda Splendor  Pro offers a mileage of 60-70 kmpl in the city roads. The fuel tank present in the new  Hero Honda Splendor  Pro is of 11 ltrs with I ltr of fuel reserve. Hero Honda Splendor Colors The  Hero Honda Splendor  Plus comes in 8 hues like Excellent Blue, Hi Granite Blue, Black With Purple Stripe 1, Black with Purple Stripe 2, Black with Purple Stripe 3, Black with Silver stripe, Cloud Silver and Candy Red. The body colour is painted at fuel tank, front cowl, side panels, rear panels and front fender. Target Segment: Target are the lower middle class people who want bike that give good mileage and look stylish. Target Group: Youth of middle class in age group of 25-35 years. Positioning: A motorcycle for making friends in life. SWOT Strength 1.Strong brand name and huge market   2.Excellent distribution through franchisees   3.Most reliable for Indian roads as it requires low maintenance   4.Good mileage Weakness 1.Focuses on just mileage and no power Opportunity 1. Expansion in rural and tier-2 cities   2. Innovations in technology Threats 1. New entrants   2. Competitors   3. Low cost bikes Yamaha Crux Brand Name Yamaha Crux Parent Company Yamaha Category Motorcycles Sector Two-wheeler Tagline/ Slogan Aapke irade sa mazboot; Yes Yamaha USP Bike which has good mileage Brand Ambassador The  Yamaha Crux  is a 106  cc, single-cylinder  four-stroke  motorcycle made by  India Yamaha Motor. The Crux is designed for Indian and neighboring markets. Its upgraded version is known as the  Yamaha Libero G5. Unlike Libero G5, Crux has round head lights. Although it shares the same engine with Yamaha Libero, Crux is targeted towards the lowest end of the low end segment (100  cc segment) A different version of crux known as crux r was introduced with the same specifications but rectangular headlights. But after it could not make a considerable sales, the production was halted. Yamaha Cruxs 106cc, 4-stroke engine, Strong Frame, attractive style, multi-reflector lights and long seat makes it the comfortable durable 4-stroke commuter bike on the Indian roads. Yamaha Crux is the popular bike with attractive features available in India at affordable price. The mill of the  Yamaha Crux  delivers a top power of 7.6 PS at 7,500 rpm and produces a maximum torque of 7.85 Nm at 6,000 rpm. Yamaha CRUX gives excellent durability that everyone loves it. Crux can carry heavy loads or passengers with smooth move. Yamaha India said that Yamaha Crux will meet all requirement of biker. Lets talk about the  Yamaha Crux price in India  with features and specifications. Yamaha Crux Features 130 dia drum brake. Adjustable shockers. Advanced air cooled 4 stroke engine. Attractive looks. Chrome plated fender. Multi-reflector tail light and head light for better visibility. Target Segment: Middle-class people who want a bike that is stylish and gives a good mileage. Target Group: Youth of middle class in age group of 25-35 years. Positioning: A strong bike which encourages a strong life. SWOT Strength 1.Huge market   2.Excellent distribution through franchisees   3.Good mileage Weakness 1.  Limited market share compared to other leading brands Opportunity 1. Expansion in rural and tier-2 cities   2. Innovations in technology   3.More brand visibility. Threats 1. New entrants   2. Competitors   3. Low cost bikes TVS CENTRA Brand Name TVS CENTRA Parent Company TVS Category Motorcycles Sector Two-wheeler Tagline/ Slogan Inspiration in motion USP Good mileage Brand Ambassador TVS Centra, introduced by TVS Motor Company, is miles ahead than others with its VT-i engines, which digitally control ignition timing, and temperature sensors for optimum fuel efficiency. Its unique friction reduction technology and fuel wastage reduction system is capable of consistently delivering superior mileage. Stunning muscular lines on the fuel tank along with stylish and contemporary body graphics render it a wind-chiseled look. Completing the look is the trapezoidal MFR headlight for excellent visibility. Designed according to bio-mechanics principles, TVS Centra is one of its kind in the category. And last but not the least, the 5-step adjustable rear shock absorbers help to make your ride smooth on any kind of road Like all TVS Motor Company products, TVS Centra too has been engineered and designed keeping in mind extensive customer feedback and changing customer needs. TVS Centra will be the first motorcycle in India that will bundle price, mileage, maintenance, style, reliability, power, ruggedness and ride comfort making it truly a value for money personal transportation two-wheeler. Those who want all these performance attributes in a commuter motorcycle at a great price, nothing will beat the TVS Centra for all the advantages it offers. TVS Centra is built around to give a mileage that will offer atleast 10 per cent more than any other motorcycle in the country, today. It will be powered by 7.5 Brake Horse Power (Bhp) at 7250 RPM making it the most powerful motorcycle in its class. TVS Centra will also be known for its nimble handling and riding comfort enabling easy maneuvering even in busy city traffic. Its contemporary style with big muscular tank and well-rounded looks with a horizontal engine and superior ergonomics will mark a new standard in the popular segment of two wheelers. It will come with Econometer to keep a check on the mileage / power ratio, wide and skid free seat and Utility space. TVS Centra Features Advanced air cooled 4 stroke engine. 110 dia drum brake. Adjustable shockers. Attractive looks. Digitally controlled starting. Target Segment: Middle-class executives. Target Group: Youth in age group of 22-35 years. Positioning: SWOT Strength 1.Huge market   2.Excellent distribution through franchisees   3.Good mileage Weakness 1.  Limited market share compared to other leading brands Opportunity 1. Expansion in rural and tier-2 cities   2. Innovations in technology   3.More brand visibility. Threats 1. New entrants   2. Competitors   3. Low cost bikes